Top 10 General Contractors in Calabasas, CA

Porch Pro Headshot Evergreen Construction Group
General Contractors
Serves Calabasas, California
"Not one of the cheapest quotes, but so glad we chose them, as the workmanship and end result are excellent and worth every penny. Would have given more than 10 out of 10 if possible. Definitely an example of you get what you pay for. Very professional, courteous knowledgeable."
93.33% response rate
"Not one of the cheapest quotes, but so glad we chose them, as the workmanship and end result are excellent and worth every penny. Would have given more than 10 out of 10 if possible. Definitely an example of you get what you pay for. Very professional, courteous knowledgeable."
Porch Pro Headshot RemodelingContractorPro.com
General Contractors
Serves Calabasas, California
"We recently hired Remodeling Contractor Pro to do a major renovation of our home: two bathrooms and the kitchen/family room. We are both delighted with the results, which are above and beyond what we could have imagined. Mike has a great eye for the potential of a space. For just one example, he en...Read more about RemodelingContractorPro.com
"We recently hired Remodeling Contractor Pro to do a major renovation of our home: two bathrooms and the kitchen/family room. We are both delighted with the results, which are above and beyond what we could have imagined. Mike has a great eye for the potential of a space. For just one example, he en...Read more about RemodelingContractorPro.com
Porch Pro Headshot Homescapes Design and Construction Inc.
General Contractors
Serves Calabasas, California
"We recently made the decision to remodel our kitchen with a more modern look. After receiving several quotes, we chose Homescapes Design and Construction, not because they were the cheapest option (they were not), but because they offered the best overall value for our money, along with the most co...Read more about Homescapes Design and Construction Inc.
"We recently made the decision to remodel our kitchen with a more modern look. After receiving several quotes, we chose Homescapes Design and Construction, not because they were the cheapest option (they were not), but because they offered the best overall value for our money, along with the most co...Read more about Homescapes Design and Construction Inc.
Porch Pro Headshot Regal Construction & Remodeling Inc
General Contractors
Serves Calabasas, California
(162)
At Regal Construction & Remodeling we pride ourselves on our unsurpassed ability to remodel, restore, and renovate homes. We are a general contractor specializing in every aspect of remodeling such as Bathroom, Kitchen, Room Additions and General Remodeling. A desire for making a transformation in o...Read more about Regal Construction & Remodeling Inc
At Regal Construction & Remodeling we pride ourselves on our unsurpassed ability to remodel, restore, and renovate homes. We are a general contractor specializing in every aspect of remodeling such as Bathroom, Kitchen, Room Additions and General Remodeling. A desire for making a transformation in o...Read more about Regal Construction & Remodeling Inc
Porch Pro Headshot Remodeling Home Advisors
General Contractors
Serves Calabasas, California
(132)
Remodeling Home Advisors is one of the top remodeling companies serving the greater Los Angeles metro area and surrounding counties. We are licensed and insured. We guarantee excellent customer service and quality workmanship with every job we do.
Remodeling Home Advisors is one of the top remodeling companies serving the greater Los Angeles metro area and surrounding counties. We are licensed and insured. We guarantee excellent customer service and quality workmanship with every job we do.
Porch Pro Headshot Adar Builders Inc.
General Contractors
Serves Calabasas, California
(85)
"Excellent team. Amit was very easy to connect with – and very responsive – as I texted him often with many questions and update requests. They all made sure that everything for the kitchen was done to my liking including all the details and hunting for the best materials. They even found problems I...Read more about Adar Builders Inc.
"Excellent team. Amit was very easy to connect with – and very responsive – as I texted him often with many questions and update requests. They all made sure that everything for the kitchen was done to my liking including all the details and hunting for the best materials. They even found problems I...Read more about Adar Builders Inc.
Porch Pro Headshot CALI BUILDERS & CONSTRUCTION INC.
General Contractors
Serves Calabasas, California
(71)
"I’ll start by saying this; Finding a reliable, honest and professional contractor isn’t always easy, I have done some remodeling throughout the years and it wasn’t always the most pleasant experience. That being said when I started to browse around for a highly recommended contractor to do for me a...Read more about CALI BUILDERS & CONSTRUCTION INC.
"I’ll start by saying this; Finding a reliable, honest and professional contractor isn’t always easy, I have done some remodeling throughout the years and it wasn’t always the most pleasant experience. That being said when I started to browse around for a highly recommended contractor to do for me a...Read more about CALI BUILDERS & CONSTRUCTION INC.
Porch Pro Headshot DREAM HOME REMODELING INC
General Contractors
Serves Calabasas, California
(121)
Dream Home Remodeling gives you the peace of mind to make your home renovation a genuine dream. We are fully bonded, licensed & insured with over 20 Years of experience serving Los Angeles, Ventura County and the San Fernando Valley with additions, door and window replacement, room expansions, roofi...Read more about DREAM HOME REMODELING INC
Dream Home Remodeling gives you the peace of mind to make your home renovation a genuine dream. We are fully bonded, licensed & insured with over 20 Years of experience serving Los Angeles, Ventura County and the San Fernando Valley with additions, door and window replacement, room expansions, roofi...Read more about DREAM HOME REMODELING INC
Porch Pro Headshot Elite Remodeling Group
General Contractors
Serves Calabasas, California
(142)
Elite Remodeling Group Inc. was established in 2005 as a general contracting business. Since day one, our primary focus has been upon serving residents all over Los Angeles county, Orange county and beyond with various remodeling services. Elite Remodeling group has experience and knowledge with a m...Read more about Elite Remodeling Group
Elite Remodeling Group Inc. was established in 2005 as a general contracting business. Since day one, our primary focus has been upon serving residents all over Los Angeles county, Orange county and beyond with various remodeling services. Elite Remodeling group has experience and knowledge with a m...Read more about Elite Remodeling Group
Porch Pro Headshot E&E Builders Inc
General Contractors
Serves Calabasas, California
(70)
"I hired Yahel and her crew to remodel my home in Los Angels . I live in Florida and I was needed to choose a company that will be able to mange my home remodeling project .Among the 3 top companies I considered for the home remodeling project E&E builders was by far my number 1 choice. It was a mas...Read more about E&E Builders Inc
"I hired Yahel and her crew to remodel my home in Los Angels . I live in Florida and I was needed to choose a company that will be able to mange my home remodeling project .Among the 3 top companies I considered for the home remodeling project E&E builders was by far my number 1 choice. It was a mas...Read more about E&E Builders Inc

Frequently asked questions about general contractors

A general contractor oversees building and remodeling projects from start to finish. Their main priority is making sure that a project progresses according to the schedule, is on budget, and that all work is done properly. All other contractors and workers answer to the general contractor and they answer to the client who hired them.

Start by getting bids from different contractors. Bids lay out your expected cost and the extent of the project, including materials, labor, and when the project will be done. If you have a local contractor in mind, feel free to work with them in negotiating the terms of a bid, rather than putting out a competitive bid request. Terms typically outline payment installments, an expected timeline for milestones, and the expected outcome at each phase of the project.

Once you've signed the contract with the general contractor, they bring in the workers and begin on the project. Throughout the course of the project, the general contractor manages all workers and subcontractors. General contractors generally own or work for a company that handles one or two aspects of building and remodeling. Very few do framing, finishing, electrical, concrete, plumbing, and landscaping on their own. So, it's quite common for general contractors to outsource work from other companies. The general contractor handles the hiring of these subcontractors, as well as paying them and their own workers. You only have to worry about paying the general contractor.

Hiring multiple subcontractors for a job might seem more economical, but it would put much of the decision-making on you. What you might save in money may be offset by the amount of time and mental energy you'd have to put into the project. An experienced general contractor knows the ins and outs of the construction business. They understand how to structure a project and work with subcontractors to get projects completed safely, and on schedule. This leaves the day-to-day decisions to someone with more experience.

The licensing rules in some states require hiring a general contractor for certain projects. If the state doesn't require a general contractor in your case, it makes good sense to hire a licensed and insured local contractor.

General contractors live by their reputation. They work hard to build trust with their clients and honor that trust through their management of construction projects. Even if they never lift a hammer during the course of a job, they feel a great sense of ownership of the whole operation.

General contractors usually have a vast knowledge of local building codes. Their understanding of construction and people management helps all subcontractors to work together. They see how each piece fits together to make a completed project. Subcontractors may take a narrow view of their role, which could cause problems for other subcontractors working on the next step. General contractors work closely with their crews, subcontractors, and you to prevent costly miscommunication.

Whether you're hiring a home contractor to build your dream house or searching "general contractors in my area" to oversee a remodel project, you'll be working closely with whomever you choose.

When you get underway with your contractor, you'll begin by sorting out every possible detail. Before work begins, the contractor will work out a project plan with you. The project plan may include determining fixtures, finishes, and furnishings — to avoid any cost gaps in the initial bid. The more specific you are, the more realistic and accurate the bid will be.

Make sure it’s OK to call or text your contractor throughout the day. Even if they aren't always available, they should provide you with contact information for a lead person or someone else you can discuss the project with. When possible, visit the job site. This gives the contractor or lead the opportunity to bring up any issues and ask any questions about specifics that weren't covered in the project plan.

It's also helpful to keep a project journal. Write down product order numbers. Jot down questions and ideas, and note delivery dates. This can make it easier to sort out any disputes that may arise later. Track any changes to the initial project plan in writing. If unforeseen changes occur, make sure to get a bid change in writing.

Other helpful tips:

  • Check on work as it progresses
  • Pay only for completed work
  • Be a fair customer by paying bills on time, responding quickly to questions, and treating your contractor and their workers fairly
  • Know the workers’ names, and make sure they have what they need
  • Establishing a good working relationship with your contractor from the beginning will lead to a more successful project

Some general contractors charge a flat fee. Most charge a markup, which is a percentage of the overall completed project cost. The markup amount covers their overhead, including advertising, insurance, office expenses, and their own salary. The contractor should outline all payments and expenses in the contract at the outset.

Contractors typically ask for a percentage of the total project cost upfront. This initial fee covers the cost of getting the project started, provides workers with their wages for the first phase of the construction, and helps serve as a deposit for the needed materials and supplies. Fifteen percent is a fair and decent initial payment for getting a project started. Most states cap this initial fee at 33%, and a good contractor should have good enough credit to cover remaining up-front costs.

After each phase or "milestone" gets completed, your contract will likely require you to pay more money toward the project. These installments are an expected part of the construction process to cover wages, additional supplies, and materials the contractor may need to continue. Even the most well-off contractor would quickly run out of money to move forward if they didn't include installment payments into their contracts.

A big project is a costly endeavor and a long-term investment. When choosing a general contractor, it makes sense to look beyond just the contractor’s fee. Be sure to hire someone that can provide proof of licensing, insurance, and references. Take the time to look into their track record. A good general contractor will leave a trail of stellar online reviews, and when you talk to former clients, they'll have only good things to say. When you enter a project with a contractor, you need a pro you trust with your home, so it’s wise to do your homework ahead of time to ensure a successful outcome.

Begin with a plan that lays out the scope of the remodeling work you want done. By the time you hire a contractor, you should have decided on materials, fixtures, appliances, and other items. If you've decided on any changes to the floor plan, be sure to add the specifics to your plan. The more details, the better. Add everything you can think of, down to the brass pulls for the kitchen cupboards.

Once you have this plan, start talking to contractors to get estimates and formal bids. Ask around for local contractor recommendations at your local hardware store, or go online and read client reviews. Good contractors tend to be very busy, so expect a waiting period from the time you contact them to the time they can start on the project. Be sure to seek out a contractor with experience in the job you need done. If you need a patio installed, scroll past them if they specialize in kitchens and baths.

When speaking to the contractor, make sure you're clear on which parts of the project the contractor will handle and which will go to a subcontractor. Ask for proof of licensing, insurance, and any relevant subcontractors' licenses. Check contractor credentials with your local Better Business Bureau.

Only sign a detailed contract, and be sure you understand every detail of the contract before signing. Be sure to get the proper permits for your project. A good contractor will be able to talk you through getting permits. In some places, contractors are able to get the permits themselves. Check in with the contractor regularly during the course of the project to avoid errors and miscommunication.

Searching online for "good general contractors near me" or getting referrals from a hardware or home improvement store is a first step to hiring a contractor. Take certain precautions before hiring a contractor to prevent costly headaches later on.

Begin by working with a professional architect or designer who's able to provide all the information a contractor will need. A designer or architect can also create the necessary drawings to submit for obtaining a permit. Include details like finishes, fixtures, plumbing work, electrical installations, and possible millwork.

Come up with a specifications list in advance. Write down the details of every element you want placed into the project, from the front door to the floor tiles that you want. Calculate to make sure all your selections fall within your budget and meet your personal requirements.

Make sure your contractor has the proper licensing and insurance. Check out a potential contractor’s previous work. They should be able to offer examples. When you interview contractors, remember that you'll spend a lot of time working with this person. You need to feel you can trust them because unexpected situations are bound to come up. Perhaps you didn't consider what style of door handle you want for the master bathroom, or the carpet you selected for the living room is no longer available. These types of situations happen with any project, so do your best to remain patient throughout the construction process.

See to it that your contractor provides a timeline that they can stick to and that works with your needs. Get a list of subcontractors they use, and look into their history. Use careful consideration when choosing your contractor for the most successful outcome.

Be sure your general contractor is licensed and insured. They should have both contractor’s liability insurance and worker’s compensation insurance. An insured contractor will take responsibility for the project and for anything that happens at the worksite. Make sure their insurance covers any subcontractors or that they only work with insured third parties.

Ask for proof of insurance right away. Hiring an uninsured contractor may seem less expensive, but it could cost you down the road. In the event of a job-site injury or property damage, a properly insured contractor will shield you from potentially catastrophic costs. Depending on the state you live in, if a worker is injured on your property and their general contractor didn't carry the proper insurance, you might be liable for the cost of treating their injuries.

Homeowners’ insurance policies cover property damage. Some also cover limited injury liability, but these policies have limitations. Even in the unlikely event that your policy covers 100 percent of liability, your premiums would most certainly go up. Contractors insurance ensures that you don't have to cover any costs unrelated to the project completion itself.

If a contractor is reliable, they'll be licensed and carry insurance, and if they don't have a license, no company will insure them. Proof of proper licensing and insurance is a sure sign of a reliable contractor.

Recent reviews for Calabasas General Contractors

493821

Homescape Design and Construction stood out from the competition by winning our business for a project involving the addition of an interior wall with pocket doors in our home. Their estimate was not only fair and reasonable but also highly accurate, and ...

- Brock Sorah
499365

Without a doubt, Homescapes Design and Construction surpasses expectations in every aspect. I wholeheartedly encourage you to hire this exceptional team as they possess a rare combination of highly skilled craftsmanship, reliability, responsiveness, hones...

- Janice Ondeck
497408

When it comes to getting things done right, this team is unparalleled. They excel in communication, adhering to schedules, showcasing talent, and taking proactive measures. From working with metals and plants to woodworking and concrete, their expertise c...

- Tim Avery
497438

The work performed by Homescapes Design and Construction was executed with great care and attention to detail, resulting in a final outcome that exceeded our expectations. Our bathroom posed a unique challenge due to its unconventional wood counter and sh...

- Edward Castanon
501844

After thoroughly interviewing five contractors, we made the confident decision to choose Angilito at Homescapes Design and Construction for our full home remodeling project. And let me tell you, it was the best decision we could have made! Our biggest con...

- Tuazon Joel
493634

When we were in the market for contractors, our friend recommended Angellito and his team at Homescape Design and Construction, and we couldn't have been more pleased with the outcome. From our first meeting, Angellito and his crew were punctual, detail-o...

- Steven McDonnald
502680

We recently completed a significant renovation of our house, including our kitchen and two bathrooms, and Homescapes Design and Construction did an outstanding job. They ensured a quick, safe, and beautifully executed renovation, maintaining the highest s...

- Leslie Chettle
501695

My kitchen was in need of a renovation, and I had a tight timeline to get it done. Homescapes Design and Construction responded promptly and delivered a fantastic job. Their efforts were truly extraordinary, and the transformation they achieved in my kitc...

- Nicholas Cici
498664

I wholeheartedly recommend Homescapes Design and Construction! When I hired them for my kitchen remodel, I was beyond impressed with their impeccable work and exceptional service. Right from the first contact, they instilled confidence in me with their pr...

- Cynthia Wright
497868

We made an excellent decision in hiring Homescapes Design and Construction for our garage conversion project. Angilito and his team exceeded our expectations in every aspect. The scope of the project was extensive, including the removal of plaster walls, ...

- douglas myers
493251

Homescapes Design and Construction exceeded my expectations with their exceptional remodeling job, which included renovating my bathrooms, kitchen, bedrooms, exterior and interior paint, and the front hardscape of my house. The team carried out a complete...

- Buster Sheryll
498534

After purchasing a new house, we made the decision to hire Homescapes Design and Construction as our remodeling contractors for our kitchen, living room, and two bathrooms. Our initial consultation with Angilito left us impressed with his innovative ideas...

- Carolyn Luskin

Everything You Need to Know About Calabasas General Contractors

Who should I hire if I need General Contractor Services in Calabasas?

Right now there are about 50 companies in and around Calabasas ready to help you with your general contractor services project.

    Below we've listed a few of the top General Contractors on Porch:

    • Randal G. Winter Construction
      • Built To Perfection Inc
        • SOD Builders Inc

          Can I browse unscreened General Contractors in Calabasas?

          We do our best to screen all of our general contractors. However, there are still some general contractor professionals in Calabasas that have not been pre-screened. This means that their licenses may not be up to date to operate in Calabasas or CA. Always be sure to pre-screen them yourself before hiring. Here are some unscreened professionals offering general contractor services:

          • BuildSavings:
            • BBB Rating: A
            • Active/Verified License: Yes, Current Status is Active
          • Woods and Woods Construction:
            • Active/Verified License: No, current status is inactive
          • House Next Door Remodeling:
            • Active/Verified License: Yes, Current Status is Active

          What should I check for once my General Contractor in Calabasas has finished working?

          Every general contractor services project is going to have different results, but here are a few things to check for once any general contractor services company has told you they've finished the job:

          • Obviously you want to do a visual inspection. Even if you're unfamiliar with general contractor services work, this gives you the opportunity to ask questions (even basic ones like, what did you do?).
          • Ask the general contractor to describe what they did. Whether your general contractor services project was a repair job or a building job, have them run you through what was done.
          • Compare the description provided on your general contractor services project estimate to the work completed. Did the professional do what was promised?
          • Request that the general contractor do a follow-up visit to check on the work. Most professionals are willing to do this, especially if you ask them.

          All General Contractors in Calabasas, CA

          Porch Pro Headshot Super Handyman Service
          General Contractors
          Serves Calabasas, California
          (60)
          "They worked for me a year ago. I have a 1929 bungalow in hollywood. Joe and his 2 guys did some work under the house, bolting the foundation and leveling the floor in my kitchen. I recently hired just Joe for some electric work installing a switch in my closet and installing recessed lighting in my...Read more about Super Handyman Service
          "They worked for me a year ago. I have a 1929 bungalow in hollywood. Joe and his 2 guys did some work under the house, bolting the foundation and leveling the floor in my kitchen. I recently hired just Joe for some electric work installing a switch in my closet and installing recessed lighting in my...Read more about Super Handyman Service
          Porch Pro Headshot Sterling Construction Co.
          General Contractors
          Serves Calabasas, California
          (19)
          "Parker + McQueen is the best. PERIOD. If I could give this business 10 stars I would. My review is a few months late (sorry guys), but better late than never! Where to begin!!!! So much to type :) My hubbs and I contacted many contractors about remodeling the outside of our home and fixing the...Read more about Sterling Construction Co.
          "Parker + McQueen is the best. PERIOD. If I could give this business 10 stars I would. My review is a few months late (sorry guys), but better late than never! Where to begin!!!! So much to type :) My hubbs and I contacted many contractors about remodeling the outside of our home and fixing the...Read more about Sterling Construction Co.
          Porch Pro Headshot MVP Builders
          General Contractors
          Serves Calabasas, California
          (28)
          "MVP Builders remodeld my kitchen and master bathroom 3 months ago. The remodeling process is not an easy one but Mike from MVP made the experience a pleasant one and surpassed all my expectations with his professionalism, great design ideas and making sure I was always satisfied. The work was done ...Read more about MVP Builders
          "MVP Builders remodeld my kitchen and master bathroom 3 months ago. The remodeling process is not an easy one but Mike from MVP made the experience a pleasant one and surpassed all my expectations with his professionalism, great design ideas and making sure I was always satisfied. The work was done ...Read more about MVP Builders
          Porch Pro Headshot Topaz remodeling inc
          General Contractors
          Serves Calabasas, California
          (9)
          "I typically don't write reviews but this one is worth sharing This is the second time I've contracted with Joe for home-improvement projects in my home, my first project was a 35k kitchen remodel. From day one Joe was very patient and professional with all my wife's changes ( and there were man...Read more about Topaz remodeling inc
          "I typically don't write reviews but this one is worth sharing This is the second time I've contracted with Joe for home-improvement projects in my home, my first project was a 35k kitchen remodel. From day one Joe was very patient and professional with all my wife's changes ( and there were man...Read more about Topaz remodeling inc
          Porch Pro Headshot Turn Key Construction and Design
          General Contractors
          Serves Calabasas, California
          (2)
          We are a full service general contractor specializing in gut renovations, ground ups, remodeling for residential and commercial properties. Quality is our core business strategy and to achieve this we provide individual project management support services during all phases of building and developme...Read more about Turn Key Construction and Design
          We are a full service general contractor specializing in gut renovations, ground ups, remodeling for residential and commercial properties. Quality is our core business strategy and to achieve this we provide individual project management support services during all phases of building and developme...Read more about Turn Key Construction and Design
          Porch Pro Headshot Shafran Construction Inc
          General Contractors
          Serves Calabasas, California
          (41)
          Shafran Construction is a professional family owned home improvement company born from hard work and dedication. Having been a fully licensed general contracting organization since 1988, we take tremendous pride in being part of the Los Angeles and Ventura County communities. We are specialists in...Read more about Shafran Construction Inc
          Shafran Construction is a professional family owned home improvement company born from hard work and dedication. Having been a fully licensed general contracting organization since 1988, we take tremendous pride in being part of the Los Angeles and Ventura County communities. We are specialists in...Read more about Shafran Construction Inc
          Porch Pro Headshot Titanium Construction Development Inc.
          General Contractors
          Serves Calabasas, California
          We can do it all! We have a wealth of experience and can handle any jobs big or small. From Roofing to Remodeling to Solar Installation and any improvements you may need to your home look no further than Titanium Construction! We pride ourselves on always providing quality work to every customer we ...Read more about Titanium Construction Development Inc.
          We can do it all! We have a wealth of experience and can handle any jobs big or small. From Roofing to Remodeling to Solar Installation and any improvements you may need to your home look no further than Titanium Construction! We pride ourselves on always providing quality work to every customer we ...Read more about Titanium Construction Development Inc.
          Porch Pro Headshot CW GENERAL CONSTRUCTION
          General Contractors
          Serves Calabasas, California
          we are a general construction companies licensed bonded insured we do remodels, rehabs ,renovations and anything under the sun , we will meet or beat anyone's price
          we are a general construction companies licensed bonded insured we do remodels, rehabs ,renovations and anything under the sun , we will meet or beat anyone's price
          Porch Pro Headshot Realco Home Remodeling
          General Contractors
          Serves Calabasas, California
          Realco Home Remodeling is recognized as a Premium General Contractor company serving the L.A. area. Known for quality craftsmanship & unparalleled service.
          Realco Home Remodeling is recognized as a Premium General Contractor company serving the L.A. area. Known for quality craftsmanship & unparalleled service.
          Porch Pro Headshot Angel City Development, Inc.
          General Contractors
          Serves Calabasas, California
          Expert Builders, Quality Results. Our focus is on meticulous detail and quality. We have worked in some of LA's most beautiful homes. We can work within anyone's dreams or wants to make your home or business as comfortable, useful or and/or luxurious as you want!
          Expert Builders, Quality Results. Our focus is on meticulous detail and quality. We have worked in some of LA's most beautiful homes. We can work within anyone's dreams or wants to make your home or business as comfortable, useful or and/or luxurious as you want!
          Porch Pro Headshot Louk Enterprise Inc.
          General Contractors
          Serves Calabasas, California
          (20)
          Porch Pro Headshot Livingston Construction
          General Contractors
          Serves Calabasas, California
          Porch Pro Headshot MGC Building Contractor
          General Contractors
          Serves Calabasas, California
          Porch Pro Headshot Appointment On Demand Inc.
          General Contractors
          Serves Calabasas, California

          Latest projects near Calabasas

          Recent projects booked on Porch
          Agoura Hills 91301
          Demolition
          Start Date
          I'm flexible
          Demolition work type
          Shed, pool or other outdoor structure
          Structures to remove
          Arches with concrete filled pots (4), and 3 raised bed planters (railroad tie)