Top 10 Electricians in Miramar, FL

Porch Pro Headshot Elcon Electric, Inc.
Electricians
Serves Miramar, Florida
(763)
Based out of Deerfield Beach, Elcon Electric is a family owned and operated electrical contractor that was established in the '80s and offers electrical wiring, lighting retrofit and other services. All of our service technicians are background checked and we strive to provide the best customer serv...Read more about Elcon Electric, Inc.
Based out of Deerfield Beach, Elcon Electric is a family owned and operated electrical contractor that was established in the '80s and offers electrical wiring, lighting retrofit and other services. All of our service technicians are background checked and we strive to provide the best customer serv...Read more about Elcon Electric, Inc.
Porch Pro Headshot Southeast Maintenance Experts
Electricians
Serves Miramar, Florida
(383)
WE BRING EXCELLENCE TO THE HOME MAINTENANCE INDUSTRY We have an in-depth understanding of the market you're looking at. We go beyond traditional construction and maintenance companies scopes and evaluate the problems occurring in a one to one basis, our programs are tailored to help you achieve all...Read more about Southeast Maintenance Experts
WE BRING EXCELLENCE TO THE HOME MAINTENANCE INDUSTRY We have an in-depth understanding of the market you're looking at. We go beyond traditional construction and maintenance companies scopes and evaluate the problems occurring in a one to one basis, our programs are tailored to help you achieve all...Read more about Southeast Maintenance Experts
Porch Pro Headshot Kings Electricians
Electricians
Serves Miramar, Florida
(344)
We are Kings Electricians, the full-service South Florida electrician for all of your home and office electrical service needs. We are prompt, professional, friendly experts - and we look forward to doing business with you.No job is too big or too small. We love providing our affordable, expert elec...Read more about Kings Electricians
We are Kings Electricians, the full-service South Florida electrician for all of your home and office electrical service needs. We are prompt, professional, friendly experts - and we look forward to doing business with you.No job is too big or too small. We love providing our affordable, expert elec...Read more about Kings Electricians
Porch Pro Headshot Power By Purkis Inc
Electricians
Serves Miramar, Florida
(113)
"excellent electrical work at a reasonable price. I have been dealing with MIKE for 7 or 8 years to have electrical work done by his company for my own business . Nothing but high recommendation for his reputation."
"excellent electrical work at a reasonable price. I have been dealing with MIKE for 7 or 8 years to have electrical work done by his company for my own business . Nothing but high recommendation for his reputation."
Porch Pro Headshot MR. ELECTRIC & ASSOCIATES, INC
Electricians
Serves Miramar, Florida
(26)
For more than 30 years, Mr. Electric, has been among the highest rated electrical contractors supplying residential, commercial, and industrial electrical services in the Fort Lauderdale area. Our commitment to you, the customer, is unsurpassed in the industry and your complete satisfaction is our p...Read more about MR. ELECTRIC & ASSOCIATES, INC
For more than 30 years, Mr. Electric, has been among the highest rated electrical contractors supplying residential, commercial, and industrial electrical services in the Fort Lauderdale area. Our commitment to you, the customer, is unsurpassed in the industry and your complete satisfaction is our p...Read more about MR. ELECTRIC & ASSOCIATES, INC
Porch Pro Headshot Synked Systems, Inc.
Electricians
Serves Miramar, Florida
Synked Systems is a Miami-based company with over 5 years experience in the A/V industry. We are committed to excellence while helping customers with all their audio/visual and technology needs. From TV mounts to whole-house audio systems and custom Home Theaters, there is no job too big or small....Read more about Synked Systems, Inc.
Synked Systems is a Miami-based company with over 5 years experience in the A/V industry. We are committed to excellence while helping customers with all their audio/visual and technology needs. From TV mounts to whole-house audio systems and custom Home Theaters, there is no job too big or small....Read more about Synked Systems, Inc.
Porch Pro Headshot SB Power Electric
Electricians
Serves Miramar, Florida
(30)
SB Power Electric Services is your residential and commercial Electric Specialist. We are an electrical contracting company providing homeowners and business owners the best Electric installation and repair service in Broward and Dade County. We show up on time and in uniform, and most jobs can be c...Read more about SB Power Electric
SB Power Electric Services is your residential and commercial Electric Specialist. We are an electrical contracting company providing homeowners and business owners the best Electric installation and repair service in Broward and Dade County. We show up on time and in uniform, and most jobs can be c...Read more about SB Power Electric
Porch Pro Headshot Mechanical Mind Technologies
Electricians
Serves Miramar, Florida
(10)
With over 23 years experience in all phases of the electrical field Vincent Pastore Master Licensed Electrical Contractor has been serving Miami since 2004. After his Father had been Serving Miami since 1987. We know how hard it is to find Honest, Skilled Electricians. Having a Professional Electric...Read more about Mechanical Mind Technologies
With over 23 years experience in all phases of the electrical field Vincent Pastore Master Licensed Electrical Contractor has been serving Miami since 2004. After his Father had been Serving Miami since 1987. We know how hard it is to find Honest, Skilled Electricians. Having a Professional Electric...Read more about Mechanical Mind Technologies
Porch Pro Headshot Tropical Island Electric, Inc.
Electricians
Serves Miramar, Florida
(7)
"I was so please with the work and knowledge of the owner of Tropical Island Electric when he installed my new panel that I didn't hesitate to call him back when it came time to install my new hot tub. Top quality work, always cleans up and work is done correctly the first time. Would highly recom...Read more about Tropical Island Electric, Inc.
"I was so please with the work and knowledge of the owner of Tropical Island Electric when he installed my new panel that I didn't hesitate to call him back when it came time to install my new hot tub. Top quality work, always cleans up and work is done correctly the first time. Would highly recom...Read more about Tropical Island Electric, Inc.
Porch Pro Headshot P.L.A. Electric Inc
Electricians
Serves Miramar, Florida
(8)
P.L.A. Electric, Inc. is a fully license State Certified Electrical Contracting and Service firm. We are dedicated to provide all our existing and new Customers with the best service possible. We provide professional reliable installations at competitive prices and strive for excellent Customer serv...Read more about P.L.A. Electric Inc
P.L.A. Electric, Inc. is a fully license State Certified Electrical Contracting and Service firm. We are dedicated to provide all our existing and new Customers with the best service possible. We provide professional reliable installations at competitive prices and strive for excellent Customer serv...Read more about P.L.A. Electric Inc

Frequently asked questions about electricians

An electrician repairs, designs, installs, and maintains electrical systems. There are different types of electricians to choose from, like those who specialize in residential electrical or those who work outdoors. Residential electricians work inside the home to solve wiring problems or do installs. Electricians who work outdoors focus more on the construction of buildings and the systems needed for those projects. Quality electricians tend to be critical thinkers.

Electrical contractors are responsible for planning electrical systems in new buildings, including outlets, lighting fixtures, and ventilation. They install wiring, lighting, and electrical systems according to the municipal code. This also includes installing hangers and brackets to support electrical systems. They read and interpret blueprints and circuit diagrams. They perform maintenance and inspections of these systems. Electricians also repair or upgrade faulty systems, including removing the faults.

Electricians need to go through a trades program specializing in the field. It takes over 2,000 hours, or four years, of hands-on experience in most states before an electrician is licensed and able to work independently. This number can increase for journeymen electricians or if the electrician wants to work on commercial projects. Some states require these tradesmen to pass an exam or receive certification. Beyond acquiring a license, electricians also need to have insurance. This protects the electrician’s equipment, tools and vehicles, and also insures them if something goes wrong.

When you think, “I don’t know any electricians near me,” don’t worry — Porch has you covered. All you need to provide is your ZIP code, contact details, and a description of the project involved, and Porch will match you with a qualified professional. They vet the contractors for you, so you can spend your time where it’s needed most.When you search for an electrician, it’s important to know what the job costs on average before contacting someone. From there, a simple Google search will give you the necessary information, but be sure to read reviews on the contractor before hiring anyone. You can sort reviews by the most recent first and see what people have been saying. A great contractor will have a high number of reviews, and maintain an average of 4.5 stars. Always ask the electrician about their licenses, how they bill, their estimated turnaround time, and whether they specialize in a specific type of job.Before you bring on a profession, check your appliances on other outlets to rule out faulty machines, and double-check that the breakers are on. The most common reasons to hire electricians are flickering lighting or faulty light switches (or if either of the two buzzes when activated). The circuit breaker could have an arc fault or trip whenever a specific appliance runs. Some circuit breakers are outdated, or the wires weren’t designed for the amount of power running through them. Hiring an electrical contractor is a great idea if you have an abnormally high electric bill or want more outlets in the home. A contractor will help you plan the best places for new outlets in the most efficient way possible.

An electrician generally costs between $60 to $100 per hour. The cost of an electrician will depend greatly upon the job, where you live, and what type of professional you hire. Higher costs of living and greater licensing fees also drive the price up. All that said, electrical work can be dangerous. A professional knows how to do the job safely, and they’re up to date on rules and regulations. There are several instances where an electrician may be needed. Common jobs are creating new outlets or light switches, installing phone lines and basic light fixtures, upgrading breakers and electrical circuits, fixing the wiring, installing a home generator, or even automating the home.

On average, a new light switch costs $125, and basic light fixtures cost between $80 to $200. Outlet installations can range from $200 to $750, while breakers and electrical panel installations range from $100 to $1,500. Adding a new phone line costs roughly $700, and recessed lighting costs roughly $800. Upgrading your electrical circuit can cost between $1,300 to $3,000, and installing new wiring can be anywhere from $1,200 to $18,000. Automating your home could cost between $5,000 to $9,000 while installing a generator costs around $2,000 to $10,000.

Some of these prices vary so wildly because no two homes are alike. An outlet that requires running wires through various rooms will cost more than a house where the wiring is simple and accessible. Old homes are harder to work with, and their electrical systems can be outdated. When you get a quote from a professional, be sure to ask him the reasons for the pricing. Materials cost more depending on where you live, which affects prices.

A switched outlet is a power outlet turned on or off via a switch. A variation of this is a half-hot outlet, or a duplex outlet, where the top plug is always ready to provide electricity, whereas the bottom plug doesn’t provide electricity unless you flip a switch. A ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) outlet can’t accomplish half-hot — it must be fully active or only run via a switch.

Before you do anything, turn the power off. If you’re modifying an existing outlet that’s more than a few years old, you might want to replace the outlet. Your outlet needs to match the amperage of your breaker. If your breaker puts out 20 amps, your outlet needs to be capable of handling exactly that. To prep the switch outlet, you’ll need to take the faceplate off and break the tab connecting the two brass screw-plates. Don’t break the one connecting the two silver screws.

In a nutshell, your hot and neutral wires (black and white, respectively) will both go to the switch. You’ll run a 14-3 wire from the box to the switch. You’ll need to pigtail the hotline and cap them with a marrette. Connect the pigtail and the remaining black wire to the outlet. Connect the neutral wire to the silver terminal on the other side. Each line has a copper line, which needs to be grounded to the grounding screw. Electrical work needs to be done correctly to work safely. If you’re uncertain about what you are doing, we highly recommend hiring an electrician. Electricity can cause a lot of damage if done incorrectly, and what seems like a simple task is often best left to professionals.

Outlet installations can cost, on average, $300. This price can be lower or significantly higher, depending on the job, location, and special features you need. Most of this cost goes to labor and ensures the job is done safely. A GFCI outlet will cost more to install, as materials are more expensive and more labor is involved.

Most outlets are generally cheap in terms of materials. A standard 120V outlet can be purchased for $4.00 on average. 2-Prong, 3-Prong, and higher voltage outlets (220V, 240V, 250V) range between $5.00 to $20.00 on the high end. A GFCI outlet, on average, is close to $20. Floor and smart outlets are more versatile, costing an average of $40.

If you want your electrician to replace the outlets, you expect a charge of around $55 per hour — but a skilled local electrician could replace as many as twelve outlets in a single hour. Installing new outlets takes up to two hours, depending on the location. Remember that you’ll also pay for the materials and wiring for new outlets, so these jobs cost roughly $150 to $225 per installation.

Many factors alter your costs. If your existing wiring is up to code and already in place, this will lower your costs. On the flip side, your costs will increase if your outlet is in a difficult location or needs more wiring, your costs will increase. If you need outlets to run large appliances, such as a dryer, or installing GFCI outlets, you’ll have a higher cost due to the expensive materials and the job’s complexity. Electricity is hazardous, and a professional is licensed and insured for the job. Beyond simply switching plate covers, it’s a good idea to hire an electrician.

The easy answer is yes, you can do some basic residential electrical work without a license. This answer varies state by state, so double-check regulations where you live. You can replace outlets, light switches, and even light fixtures. Regular switches are easy to replace with dimmer switches, and light fixtures are simple enough to replace with a ceiling fan. Other simple repairs include replacing a fuse or breaker inside an electrical panel. You can replace bathroom fans, hardwired smoke detectors, and appliances or install low-voltage outdoor lighting on your own.

Remember to cut the power before doing any electrical work. Most of these jobs require basic tools. For simple replacements, you can wire the new outlets or switches just as the old ones were. If you’re upgrading them, be certain to read and follow the directions. Replacing fuses and smoke detectors are quick and easy jobs, but replacing a breaker in your electrical panel is more complicated. Be cautious if you need to do this, as it’s often a sign of something wrong in the electrical system. It may be more efficient and effective in the long run to bring in a professional if there are underlying problems.

Not all residential electrical jobs can be done unlicensed. You’ll need a license if you want to upgrade or relocate your panel or upgrade to a 200 amp service. This is also true if you’re adding a new breaker or circuit or running new wiring for an outlet or switch. If you need to add a subpanel, you’ll also need to be licensed. For most electrical work, it’s imperative to stick with a professional if you’re uncomfortable or don’t understand the work. Electricity is dangerous, and you want to prioritize your health, your family’s health, and your home’s safety. Your local electricians will ensure the job is done correctly, which is worth every penny for the peace of mind.

Recent reviews for Miramar Electricians

26468

The best In The field price wise and quality you need anybody else they worked on A/c ,electrical, Plumbing And they are very knowledgeable

- Johnathan Simein
28523

They ran both electrical circuits for garbage disposal including switch ,dishwasher great price fast service quality work.

- Johnathan Simein
14443

Well great service the remodeled my bathroom because of a leak they painted,chafed the lighting,changed vanity and plumbing and drywall they did a great job master bath final looks perfect. Thanks level1

- Judith Ulloa
15179

Level one has worked In all parts of my home from bath to kitchen there the best in the business price wise work quality 100% thanks guys .

- isreal didier
19884

Pat Christiano was the first to call and the first to show up. His presentation was professional and knowledgeable. His labor rate was extremely competitive and included a second man to help offload and reload the lift to access my high light fixture at...

- PETE OTTAVIO
85675

Excellent responsiveness in communication. Excellent value. Excellent to keep appointment.

- BARBARA GEORGI
17164

I would rate tropical electric 5 star

- james McDowell
17561

Tropical Island Electric Inc is an excellent company to do business with. Outstanding in every aspect. A-Class customer service. I highly recommend this company for all your electrical needs.

- Ewart Borland
63274

Excellent, neat and very professional work. Will use again.anytime that we need electrical work done. Deserve 10 stars instead of 5.

- Sofia Rodriguez
17248

Tropical Electric replaced the electrical panel in my house, installed a camera security system along with outside lighting and electrical outlets. The jobs were done professionally and correct the first time and everything was left clean after the jobs ...

89718

We have used Power by Purkis for over 15 years. We use him for our home and a large pool company. Honest, fair and reliable.

- Lori Hertz

Everything You Need to Know About Miramar Electricians

Electrical Services isn’t exactly what I’m looking for. Are there more specific services similar to electricians available in Miramar?

If you’ve determined that electrical services are not quite what you were looking for, or if you had a specific project in mind that is similar to electrical services, we can still help you find the right professional in Miramar.

Miramar has 450 electrician professionals that can help you with your electrical services job. Head to our Pros Page to find specific electricians-pros in Miramar.

My Electrical Services project in Miramar is really small. How much should I expect to spend?

The lowest price we could find for electrical services work in Miramar is about $159.00. You should expect to pay at least this much depending on the scope of your project.

Electrician work at this level can sometimes involve several steps or phases. Cost for every project will differ depending on the quality of Electrician you hire, the type of materials required and the timeframe that you want to finish within.

What Miramar zip codes are served by Electricians?

Miramar has 450 total Electrician companies that service multiple zip codes. We've put together a list of areas in and around Miramar with the most Electricians:

  • 9 Electricians in 33056.
  • 9 Electricians in 33169.

        All Electricians in Miramar, FL

        Porch Pro Headshot Electric Service & Repair, Inc.
        Electricians
        Serves Miramar, Florida
        Servicing South Florida since 1992, our highly trained electricians specialize in fixing your electrical problem or emergency 24 hours a day. We can install your fan, rewire your home, bring your business up to code, perform a meter load upgrade at your facility and much more. We have experience wit...Read more about Electric Service & Repair, Inc.
        Servicing South Florida since 1992, our highly trained electricians specialize in fixing your electrical problem or emergency 24 hours a day. We can install your fan, rewire your home, bring your business up to code, perform a meter load upgrade at your facility and much more. We have experience wit...Read more about Electric Service & Repair, Inc.
        Porch Pro Headshot OV ONE CONSTRUCTION INC
        Electricians
        Serves Miramar, Florida
        ov one construction inc was established in 2014 with an unwavering commitment to client satisfaction and a shared vision to create a company, focused in exceeding client expectations, safety, innovation and improving best industry standards. This commitment remains robust today as we continue to cre...Read more about OV ONE CONSTRUCTION INC
        ov one construction inc was established in 2014 with an unwavering commitment to client satisfaction and a shared vision to create a company, focused in exceeding client expectations, safety, innovation and improving best industry standards. This commitment remains robust today as we continue to cre...Read more about OV ONE CONSTRUCTION INC
        Porch Pro Headshot FCL Electric Group LLC
        Electricians
        Serves Miramar, Florida
        (17)
        FCL Electric Group LLC is an Electrical Contractor located in Hialeah FL, and is engaged in a wide range of services in the construction field. Our services include quality electrician, New Construction, Remodels, Electrical Services, Custom Houses, additions, Commercial and Industrial. Established...Read more about FCL Electric Group LLC
        FCL Electric Group LLC is an Electrical Contractor located in Hialeah FL, and is engaged in a wide range of services in the construction field. Our services include quality electrician, New Construction, Remodels, Electrical Services, Custom Houses, additions, Commercial and Industrial. Established...Read more about FCL Electric Group LLC
        Porch Pro Headshot IDJ Electric
        Electricians
        Serves Miramar, Florida
        (3)
        IDJ Electric (Est. 2007) is a privately-owned state-licensed electrical construction company headquartered in Cape Coral. It operates throughout South and Southwest Florida within the counties of Miami-Dade, Broward, Palm Beach, Sarasota, DeSoto, Charlotte, Lee, and Collier. IDJ Electric focuses o...Read more about IDJ Electric
        IDJ Electric (Est. 2007) is a privately-owned state-licensed electrical construction company headquartered in Cape Coral. It operates throughout South and Southwest Florida within the counties of Miami-Dade, Broward, Palm Beach, Sarasota, DeSoto, Charlotte, Lee, and Collier. IDJ Electric focuses o...Read more about IDJ Electric
        Porch Pro Headshot Halseca International Group LLC
        Electricians
        Serves Miramar, Florida
        Ensure optimal safety at your residence or Commercial property with advanced security service from Smart Security FL, Security Cameras, Alarm systems, Door Bell and SmartHome Automation. The absolute peace of mind comes when you know that your life is safe and secured at your home or office. Here a...Read more about Halseca International Group LLC
        Ensure optimal safety at your residence or Commercial property with advanced security service from Smart Security FL, Security Cameras, Alarm systems, Door Bell and SmartHome Automation. The absolute peace of mind comes when you know that your life is safe and secured at your home or office. Here a...Read more about Halseca International Group LLC
        Porch Pro Headshot Alex Electric Service, Inc.
        Electricians
        Serves Miramar, Florida
        Electrical install and repair lighting , wiring , equipment ,fire alarm , data anything electrical the list is long. 24 years with 15 electricians licensed and insured . 24 hr emergency service.
        Electrical install and repair lighting , wiring , equipment ,fire alarm , data anything electrical the list is long. 24 years with 15 electricians licensed and insured . 24 hr emergency service.
        Porch Pro Headshot Shinobi 0ne Installation LLC.
        Electricians
        Serves Miramar, Florida
        (2)
        Level 1 cleaning and lighting inc. strives to bring handyman services professionally done for the right price that creates recurring business for us. honest,pride,and stubborn problem solving skills get the job done. We are 3 employees strong all equiped with skilled ranging from Electrical,plumbi...Read more about Shinobi 0ne Installation LLC.
        Level 1 cleaning and lighting inc. strives to bring handyman services professionally done for the right price that creates recurring business for us. honest,pride,and stubborn problem solving skills get the job done. We are 3 employees strong all equiped with skilled ranging from Electrical,plumbi...Read more about Shinobi 0ne Installation LLC.
        Porch Pro Headshot Decor Electricity
        Electricians
        Serves Miramar, Florida
        We understand that selecting the right electrical company for your business or home is important to you. With over 14 years of experience in South Florida we are highly qualified to meet any and all of your electrical needs. Priding ourselves in professionalism and customer satisfaction with every ...Read more about Decor Electricity
        We understand that selecting the right electrical company for your business or home is important to you. With over 14 years of experience in South Florida we are highly qualified to meet any and all of your electrical needs. Priding ourselves in professionalism and customer satisfaction with every ...Read more about Decor Electricity
        Porch Pro Headshot Exclusive Electric Service, Inc.
        Electricians
        Serves Miramar, Florida
        Exclusive Electric Service was established in 2011 as a Florida based state license electrical contracting company. Our primary focus is providing quality electrical services to residential and commercial customers in Broward and Palm Beach counties. Our owner and qualifier has worked in electrical...Read more about Exclusive Electric Service, Inc.
        Exclusive Electric Service was established in 2011 as a Florida based state license electrical contracting company. Our primary focus is providing quality electrical services to residential and commercial customers in Broward and Palm Beach counties. Our owner and qualifier has worked in electrical...Read more about Exclusive Electric Service, Inc.
        Porch Pro Headshot Ecolectric
        Electricians
        Serves Miramar, Florida
        (3)
        Porch Pro Headshot Clean Plus Energy
        Electricians
        Serves Miramar, Florida
        : SolarJobMarket.com : PowurPBC.com : CleanPlusEnergy.com #CleanEnergy Consultants providing commerical and residential solar energy. Save $$ producing your own clean energy. Get a Free Estitmate for Zero-Down Solar! We are always looking for motivated leaders, team players, and goal oriented ...Read more about Clean Plus Energy
        : SolarJobMarket.com : PowurPBC.com : CleanPlusEnergy.com #CleanEnergy Consultants providing commerical and residential solar energy. Save $$ producing your own clean energy. Get a Free Estitmate for Zero-Down Solar! We are always looking for motivated leaders, team players, and goal oriented ...Read more about Clean Plus Energy
        Porch Pro Headshot Wire Masters Electric
        Electricians
        Serves Miramar, Florida
        WIREMASTERS ELECTRIC Commercial & Residential Electrician in Miami Wiremasters Electric has been serving South Florida since 1986. Our fully licensed and insured all-star electricians ensure that you will receive only outstanding customer service. Our entire staff strives to meet and exceed yo...Read more about Wire Masters Electric
        WIREMASTERS ELECTRIC Commercial & Residential Electrician in Miami Wiremasters Electric has been serving South Florida since 1986. Our fully licensed and insured all-star electricians ensure that you will receive only outstanding customer service. Our entire staff strives to meet and exceed yo...Read more about Wire Masters Electric
        Porch Pro Headshot CS SERVICES AND REPAIRS CORP
        Electricians
        Serves Miramar, Florida
        Porch Pro Headshot Electrical Service Usa
        Electricians
        Serves Miramar, Florida

        Latest projects near Miramar

        Recent projects booked on Porch
        Miami Gardens 33056
        Electrical
        Start Date
        Within a week
        Project type
        Replacement or upgrade
        What to install
        Something else
        Project description
        move and add electrical outlets in kitchen - tankless water heater moved
        Hialeah 33015
        Thermostat Replacement and Repair
        Comments from Customer
        I would like to get an estimate for an ecobee thermostat install
        Hialeah 33018
        Thermostat Replacement and Repair
        Comments from Customer
        Customer did not provide additional comments. Please contact the customer to discuss the details of this project.
        Pembroke Pines 33027
        Electrical
        Start Date
        I'm flexible
        Project type
        Replacement or upgrade
        What to install
        Something else
        Project description
        Hot water heater
        Miramar 33025
        Thermostat Replacement and Repair
        Comments from Customer
        I would like to get an estimate for an ecobee thermostat install
        Miramar 33025
        Thermostat Replacement and Repair