Top 10 Electricians in Gloucester, MA

Porch Pro Headshot Thomas Leon Electric
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
Thomas Leon Electric is a residential and commercial contractor. Some of the many services they provide are new installations, upgrades, service and more.
66.67% response rate
Thomas Leon Electric is a residential and commercial contractor. Some of the many services they provide are new installations, upgrades, service and more.
Porch Pro Headshot 128 Plumbing Heating, & Cooling
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
For 25 years, 128 Plumbing, Heating, Cooling & Electric has been providing the highest quality, efficiency and reliability when it comes to serving customers. We have become the North Shore’s most trusted & consistent plumbing, heating and air conditioning service company. We are truly committed t...Read more about 128 Plumbing Heating, & Cooling
For 25 years, 128 Plumbing, Heating, Cooling & Electric has been providing the highest quality, efficiency and reliability when it comes to serving customers. We have become the North Shore’s most trusted & consistent plumbing, heating and air conditioning service company. We are truly committed t...Read more about 128 Plumbing Heating, & Cooling
Porch Pro Headshot Cranney Home Services
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
(1,123)
Cranney Home Services is your go to for any Plumbing, Electrical, Heating , Cooling, Drain and sewer services in the North Shore and Essex County Areas! Cranney Home Services is the leading all-in-one home services company in the North Shore and Merrimack Valley. We have over thirty years of exper...Read more about Cranney Home Services
Cranney Home Services is your go to for any Plumbing, Electrical, Heating , Cooling, Drain and sewer services in the North Shore and Essex County Areas! Cranney Home Services is the leading all-in-one home services company in the North Shore and Merrimack Valley. We have over thirty years of exper...Read more about Cranney Home Services
Porch Pro Headshot FB Electrical Services Inc
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
(98)
"In summary: Very easy to work with. FB came recommended by our developer who uses them often. They sent someone out ahead of time to write up an estimate for the work to be completed. I liked knowing what my costs would be up front so I wasn’t surprised when I got the final bill. We did a bunch of...Read more about FB Electrical Services Inc
"In summary: Very easy to work with. FB came recommended by our developer who uses them often. They sent someone out ahead of time to write up an estimate for the work to be completed. I liked knowing what my costs would be up front so I wasn’t surprised when I got the final bill. We did a bunch of...Read more about FB Electrical Services Inc
Porch Pro Headshot H.O. Electric
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
(40)
"They came out and determined that I did not have a common wire to power Nest. They gave me a price to run new wires but also other thermostats that would work with my current system. I now can control my thermostat, lights and window shades all from my phone! Super slick! Their team is incredibly ...Read more about H.O. Electric
"They came out and determined that I did not have a common wire to power Nest. They gave me a price to run new wires but also other thermostats that would work with my current system. I now can control my thermostat, lights and window shades all from my phone! Super slick! Their team is incredibly ...Read more about H.O. Electric
Porch Pro Headshot J.M.L. Electric Inc.
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
(5)
JML Electric is a electrical contractor serving all of MA. and has been an established business since 2003. We specialize in kitchen and bathroom remodels, new construction work, electrical service upgrades. We also service multiple properties in Boston as well as numerous nightclubs and restaurants...Read more about J.M.L. Electric Inc.
JML Electric is a electrical contractor serving all of MA. and has been an established business since 2003. We specialize in kitchen and bathroom remodels, new construction work, electrical service upgrades. We also service multiple properties in Boston as well as numerous nightclubs and restaurants...Read more about J.M.L. Electric Inc.
Porch Pro Headshot Rescigno Electric
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
(47)
Rescigno Electric has over 30 years in the industry. Specializing in residential work. Our top priorities 1. Job Safety 2. Quality. "If your not going to do it right, then don't do it at all." 3. Completing Jobs on time. We understand that people want the job done, so there homes or business can be...Read more about Rescigno Electric
Rescigno Electric has over 30 years in the industry. Specializing in residential work. Our top priorities 1. Job Safety 2. Quality. "If your not going to do it right, then don't do it at all." 3. Completing Jobs on time. We understand that people want the job done, so there homes or business can be...Read more about Rescigno Electric
Porch Pro Headshot Donahue Electric
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
(3)
At Donahue Electric, we pride ourselves on our unwavering commitment to quality, relying on more than 50 years of hard work and dedication to our valued customers. We are a family-owned business, started in 1960 by Joe and John Donahue at 38 Myrtle Avenue in Newburyport, MA. Dan Donahue took over in...Read more about Donahue Electric
At Donahue Electric, we pride ourselves on our unwavering commitment to quality, relying on more than 50 years of hard work and dedication to our valued customers. We are a family-owned business, started in 1960 by Joe and John Donahue at 38 Myrtle Avenue in Newburyport, MA. Dan Donahue took over in...Read more about Donahue Electric
Porch Pro Headshot Matthew S Bento Electrical Contracting
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
LIC. ELECTRICIAN FOR HIRE I TAKE ON ALL PROJECTS I SPECIALIZE IN: RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL NEW- WORK CONSTRUCTION OLD-WORK CONSTRUCTION REMODELS KITCHENS, BATHS, ETC... RETAIL CONSTRUCTION ELECTRICAL REPAIRS-TROUBLESHOOTING TRANSFORMERS 120V-480V OVERHEAD AND UNDERGROUND SERVICES:100 AMPS AND UP SI...Read more about Matthew S Bento Electrical Contracting
LIC. ELECTRICIAN FOR HIRE I TAKE ON ALL PROJECTS I SPECIALIZE IN: RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL NEW- WORK CONSTRUCTION OLD-WORK CONSTRUCTION REMODELS KITCHENS, BATHS, ETC... RETAIL CONSTRUCTION ELECTRICAL REPAIRS-TROUBLESHOOTING TRANSFORMERS 120V-480V OVERHEAD AND UNDERGROUND SERVICES:100 AMPS AND UP SI...Read more about Matthew S Bento Electrical Contracting
Porch Pro Headshot Paul Foley Electric & Generator
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
(11)
Paul Foley Electric & Generator Co., Inc. is a full service electrical/generator company servicing Southeastern Massachusetts since 1992. We have earned a reputation for quality workmanship, reliability and integrity. We are a factory trained and authorized Kohler Generator dealer. We speciali...Read more about Paul Foley Electric & Generator
Paul Foley Electric & Generator Co., Inc. is a full service electrical/generator company servicing Southeastern Massachusetts since 1992. We have earned a reputation for quality workmanship, reliability and integrity. We are a factory trained and authorized Kohler Generator dealer. We speciali...Read more about Paul Foley Electric & Generator

Frequently asked questions about electricians

An electrician repairs, designs, installs, and maintains electrical systems. There are different types of electricians to choose from, like those who specialize in residential electrical or those who work outdoors. Residential electricians work inside the home to solve wiring problems or do installs. Electricians who work outdoors focus more on the construction of buildings and the systems needed for those projects. Quality electricians tend to be critical thinkers.

Electrical contractors are responsible for planning electrical systems in new buildings, including outlets, lighting fixtures, and ventilation. They install wiring, lighting, and electrical systems according to the municipal code. This also includes installing hangers and brackets to support electrical systems. They read and interpret blueprints and circuit diagrams. They perform maintenance and inspections of these systems. Electricians also repair or upgrade faulty systems, including removing the faults.

Electricians need to go through a trades program specializing in the field. It takes over 2,000 hours, or four years, of hands-on experience in most states before an electrician is licensed and able to work independently. This number can increase for journeymen electricians or if the electrician wants to work on commercial projects. Some states require these tradesmen to pass an exam or receive certification. Beyond acquiring a license, electricians also need to have insurance. This protects the electrician’s equipment, tools and vehicles, and also insures them if something goes wrong.

When you think, “I don’t know any electricians near me,” don’t worry — Porch has you covered. All you need to provide is your ZIP code, contact details, and a description of the project involved, and Porch will match you with a qualified professional. They vet the contractors for you, so you can spend your time where it’s needed most.When you search for an electrician, it’s important to know what the job costs on average before contacting someone. From there, a simple Google search will give you the necessary information, but be sure to read reviews on the contractor before hiring anyone. You can sort reviews by the most recent first and see what people have been saying. A great contractor will have a high number of reviews, and maintain an average of 4.5 stars. Always ask the electrician about their licenses, how they bill, their estimated turnaround time, and whether they specialize in a specific type of job.Before you bring on a profession, check your appliances on other outlets to rule out faulty machines, and double-check that the breakers are on. The most common reasons to hire electricians are flickering lighting or faulty light switches (or if either of the two buzzes when activated). The circuit breaker could have an arc fault or trip whenever a specific appliance runs. Some circuit breakers are outdated, or the wires weren’t designed for the amount of power running through them. Hiring an electrical contractor is a great idea if you have an abnormally high electric bill or want more outlets in the home. A contractor will help you plan the best places for new outlets in the most efficient way possible.

An electrician generally costs between $60 to $100 per hour. The cost of an electrician will depend greatly upon the job, where you live, and what type of professional you hire. Higher costs of living and greater licensing fees also drive the price up. All that said, electrical work can be dangerous. A professional knows how to do the job safely, and they’re up to date on rules and regulations. There are several instances where an electrician may be needed. Common jobs are creating new outlets or light switches, installing phone lines and basic light fixtures, upgrading breakers and electrical circuits, fixing the wiring, installing a home generator, or even automating the home.

On average, a new light switch costs $125, and basic light fixtures cost between $80 to $200. Outlet installations can range from $200 to $750, while breakers and electrical panel installations range from $100 to $1,500. Adding a new phone line costs roughly $700, and recessed lighting costs roughly $800. Upgrading your electrical circuit can cost between $1,300 to $3,000, and installing new wiring can be anywhere from $1,200 to $18,000. Automating your home could cost between $5,000 to $9,000 while installing a generator costs around $2,000 to $10,000.

Some of these prices vary so wildly because no two homes are alike. An outlet that requires running wires through various rooms will cost more than a house where the wiring is simple and accessible. Old homes are harder to work with, and their electrical systems can be outdated. When you get a quote from a professional, be sure to ask him the reasons for the pricing. Materials cost more depending on where you live, which affects prices.

A switched outlet is a power outlet turned on or off via a switch. A variation of this is a half-hot outlet, or a duplex outlet, where the top plug is always ready to provide electricity, whereas the bottom plug doesn’t provide electricity unless you flip a switch. A ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) outlet can’t accomplish half-hot — it must be fully active or only run via a switch.

Before you do anything, turn the power off. If you’re modifying an existing outlet that’s more than a few years old, you might want to replace the outlet. Your outlet needs to match the amperage of your breaker. If your breaker puts out 20 amps, your outlet needs to be capable of handling exactly that. To prep the switch outlet, you’ll need to take the faceplate off and break the tab connecting the two brass screw-plates. Don’t break the one connecting the two silver screws.

In a nutshell, your hot and neutral wires (black and white, respectively) will both go to the switch. You’ll run a 14-3 wire from the box to the switch. You’ll need to pigtail the hotline and cap them with a marrette. Connect the pigtail and the remaining black wire to the outlet. Connect the neutral wire to the silver terminal on the other side. Each line has a copper line, which needs to be grounded to the grounding screw. Electrical work needs to be done correctly to work safely. If you’re uncertain about what you are doing, we highly recommend hiring an electrician. Electricity can cause a lot of damage if done incorrectly, and what seems like a simple task is often best left to professionals.

Outlet installations can cost, on average, $300. This price can be lower or significantly higher, depending on the job, location, and special features you need. Most of this cost goes to labor and ensures the job is done safely. A GFCI outlet will cost more to install, as materials are more expensive and more labor is involved.

Most outlets are generally cheap in terms of materials. A standard 120V outlet can be purchased for $4.00 on average. 2-Prong, 3-Prong, and higher voltage outlets (220V, 240V, 250V) range between $5.00 to $20.00 on the high end. A GFCI outlet, on average, is close to $20. Floor and smart outlets are more versatile, costing an average of $40.

If you want your electrician to replace the outlets, you expect a charge of around $55 per hour — but a skilled local electrician could replace as many as twelve outlets in a single hour. Installing new outlets takes up to two hours, depending on the location. Remember that you’ll also pay for the materials and wiring for new outlets, so these jobs cost roughly $150 to $225 per installation.

Many factors alter your costs. If your existing wiring is up to code and already in place, this will lower your costs. On the flip side, your costs will increase if your outlet is in a difficult location or needs more wiring, your costs will increase. If you need outlets to run large appliances, such as a dryer, or installing GFCI outlets, you’ll have a higher cost due to the expensive materials and the job’s complexity. Electricity is hazardous, and a professional is licensed and insured for the job. Beyond simply switching plate covers, it’s a good idea to hire an electrician.

The easy answer is yes, you can do some basic residential electrical work without a license. This answer varies state by state, so double-check regulations where you live. You can replace outlets, light switches, and even light fixtures. Regular switches are easy to replace with dimmer switches, and light fixtures are simple enough to replace with a ceiling fan. Other simple repairs include replacing a fuse or breaker inside an electrical panel. You can replace bathroom fans, hardwired smoke detectors, and appliances or install low-voltage outdoor lighting on your own.

Remember to cut the power before doing any electrical work. Most of these jobs require basic tools. For simple replacements, you can wire the new outlets or switches just as the old ones were. If you’re upgrading them, be certain to read and follow the directions. Replacing fuses and smoke detectors are quick and easy jobs, but replacing a breaker in your electrical panel is more complicated. Be cautious if you need to do this, as it’s often a sign of something wrong in the electrical system. It may be more efficient and effective in the long run to bring in a professional if there are underlying problems.

Not all residential electrical jobs can be done unlicensed. You’ll need a license if you want to upgrade or relocate your panel or upgrade to a 200 amp service. This is also true if you’re adding a new breaker or circuit or running new wiring for an outlet or switch. If you need to add a subpanel, you’ll also need to be licensed. For most electrical work, it’s imperative to stick with a professional if you’re uncomfortable or don’t understand the work. Electricity is dangerous, and you want to prioritize your health, your family’s health, and your home’s safety. Your local electricians will ensure the job is done correctly, which is worth every penny for the peace of mind.

Recent reviews for Gloucester Electricians

18804
18775

Tyler is very easy to work with and has good prices for the service he provides .

- Bob Weeks
17976

Always reliable, clean and well priced, highly recommend

- Krista Monastiero
169274

Dan helped us with an electrical inspection before we sold our home and fixed the kitchen and bathroom outlets. Great job !

- Mary Pendleton
155862

They installed the hood but did some patch work on ceiling and left it unfinished. Its been few weeks later and they continue to be unresponsive. If you do use them, please do not pay in full until work order is complete. The concerns were escalated with ...

- Praveen Meka
142729

Carlos showed up on time and went to work immediately on my shed. They seem to know what they're doing and the work is progressing rapidly. I have confidence in their ability and would hire them anytime. Thank you. John.

- Cathi Charlton
142636

Wow! I was having a very hard time coordinating the installation and delivery of a gas dryer to replace my old one. We needed to have the old one disconnected and removed and the new one installed. These guys called me right back and suggested they bo...

- Barbara Simonetti
150290

Thanks to Carlos for completing a difficult water heater installation. I will contact you again for more handyman services.

- Lauren Barker
148334

Carlos and his team installed my new gas dryer and gas range. They were very responsive, arrived when scheduled and did a great job.

- Yehuda Mittelman
206660

I was glad to work with Carlos and found him to be reliable and was one of the easiest businesses to communicate with. Will gladly reach out again for future projects!

- Bailey Field
2501

Excellent work quality. Excellent value. Excellent to keep appointment.

I have a positive experience and will not hesitate to use him again.

- Robert Fusunyan
65166

Gene has been my electrician for over 10 years.. Always does a good job and always available when I need him.. A loyal customer for life here. He is easy to talk to and always get the job done. We manage 50 apartments and do project development. I've use...

- Adam Kotkin

Everything You Need to Know About Gloucester Electricians

Who should I hire if I need Electrical Services in Gloucester?

Right now there are about 200 companies in and around Gloucester ready to help you with your electrical services project.

  • On average, electrical services projects in Gloucester will cost you between $159.00 and $159.00. These costs are than the national average.

Below we've listed a few of the top Electricians on Porch:

Who are the best Electricians in Gloucester?

We've found 200 electrician providers that are available to you in Gloucester.

Keep in mind that every project has different requirements, and some electrician professionals maybe be more equipped to handle the specifications of your electrical services work than others. Talk to multiple electricians before deciding which one is right for you. You will want to consider how much they charge, if they are properly licensed for electrical services work in Gloucester, and if your project is a fit. Here are some suggested professionals and companies to get you started:

  • OMNI Electrical Inc.
    • Average Electricians project cost: $159.00
    • Location: Gloucester
    • Been in business since: 1984
  • Hanley Electric Co.
    • Average Electricians project cost: $159.00
    • Location: Gloucester
    • Been in business since: 1930
  • Carmen & Son Electrical Contractors
    • Average Electricians project cost: $159.00
    • Location: Gloucester
    • Been in business since: 2015

My Electrical Services project in Gloucester is really small. How much should I expect to spend?

The lowest price we could find for electrical services work in Gloucester is about $159.00. You should expect to pay at least this much depending on the scope of your project.

Electrician work at this level can sometimes involve several steps or phases. Cost for every project will differ depending on the quality of Electrician you hire, the type of materials required and the timeframe that you want to finish within.

All Electricians in Gloucester, MA

Porch Pro Headshot DiFiore Electric Inc.
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
DiFiore Electric Inc. is a small, owned business that is fully insured and licensed. We have experience in HVAC controls, Voice/Data, and all types of wiring from remodel to new construction in the residential and commercial field. DiFiore Electric Inc. is here and ready to help with your new or upc...Read more about DiFiore Electric Inc.
DiFiore Electric Inc. is a small, owned business that is fully insured and licensed. We have experience in HVAC controls, Voice/Data, and all types of wiring from remodel to new construction in the residential and commercial field. DiFiore Electric Inc. is here and ready to help with your new or upc...Read more about DiFiore Electric Inc.
Porch Pro Headshot Pedersen Electrical Services
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
(6)
Pedersen Electrical Services is a family owned and operated second generation electrical contractor company. Since 1974, we have been satisfying customers with our electrical skills and knowledge for trouble shooting, our 24 hour Emergency Service with an one hour response time, just give us a call ...Read more about Pedersen Electrical Services
Pedersen Electrical Services is a family owned and operated second generation electrical contractor company. Since 1974, we have been satisfying customers with our electrical skills and knowledge for trouble shooting, our 24 hour Emergency Service with an one hour response time, just give us a call ...Read more about Pedersen Electrical Services
Porch Pro Headshot JP O'Brien Electric LLP
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
JP O'Brien Electric was founded in 2004 by two electricians Joseph O'Brien and David Niemi, both out of Medford, Massachusetts. After beginning with a small bathroom remodel, while working out of a pickup truck, we have established the most reliable and trusted service around. It is of the utmost im...Read more about JP O'Brien Electric LLP
JP O'Brien Electric was founded in 2004 by two electricians Joseph O'Brien and David Niemi, both out of Medford, Massachusetts. After beginning with a small bathroom remodel, while working out of a pickup truck, we have established the most reliable and trusted service around. It is of the utmost im...Read more about JP O'Brien Electric LLP
Porch Pro Headshot Boston’s Handyman Services
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
(7)
"Loved the customer service! Called and few days later came out to the house gave us an unbeatable quote. 2 days later came back to do a fantastic job. Even did an extra room we weren’t expecting to be done 😀Highly recommend, will definitely be contacting for more house repairs in the future. Aweso...Read more about Boston’s Handyman Services
"Loved the customer service! Called and few days later came out to the house gave us an unbeatable quote. 2 days later came back to do a fantastic job. Even did an extra room we weren’t expecting to be done 😀Highly recommend, will definitely be contacting for more house repairs in the future. Aweso...Read more about Boston’s Handyman Services
Porch Pro Headshot Solid State Electric
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
Porch Pro Headshot Tyler Megaw Electrical Services
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
(2)
Tyler Megaw is committed to providing the highest quality products, competitive pricing, with services exceeding our customers expectations.
Tyler Megaw is committed to providing the highest quality products, competitive pricing, with services exceeding our customers expectations.
Porch Pro Headshot Carmen & Son Electrical Contractors
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
What makes me stand out is all my work is about quality more than anything! To me it's all about building friendly relationships and making sure the homeowner is more than happy in any work I may provide! My prices will always be competitive and I want nothing more than for my son to take after my f...Read more about Carmen & Son Electrical Contractors
What makes me stand out is all my work is about quality more than anything! To me it's all about building friendly relationships and making sure the homeowner is more than happy in any work I may provide! My prices will always be competitive and I want nothing more than for my son to take after my f...Read more about Carmen & Son Electrical Contractors
Porch Pro Headshot David Bisesti Electrician
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
David Bisesti Electrician has been providing quality electrical services to residential and commercial customers for over a decade. Our mission is to offer each and every one of our customers unparallelled customer service and a level of workmanship that is second to none. We are happy to take on an...Read more about David Bisesti Electrician
David Bisesti Electrician has been providing quality electrical services to residential and commercial customers for over a decade. Our mission is to offer each and every one of our customers unparallelled customer service and a level of workmanship that is second to none. We are happy to take on an...Read more about David Bisesti Electrician
Porch Pro Headshot Tyler Verzi Electric
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
The experienced electricians of Tyler Verzi Electric specialize in providing residential and commercial electrical service and repair. Whether you need a simple home repair or have a more detailed project reserved for an expert electrical contractor, we can help.
The experienced electricians of Tyler Verzi Electric specialize in providing residential and commercial electrical service and repair. Whether you need a simple home repair or have a more detailed project reserved for an expert electrical contractor, we can help.
Porch Pro Headshot Loc Nguyen Electrician services
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
Porch Pro Headshot Budget Theater 4u
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
We specialize in Home Theater ...Whole house Audio Systems...CCTV ...Networking ...Smart home technologies... Control every part of your home with your phone ..lights ..cameras..thermostats ...or speak to your home.. We are dealers for :: Ring Samsung Nest Lutron Kasa Sonos LG Marantz Demon Logitec...Read more about Budget Theater 4u
We specialize in Home Theater ...Whole house Audio Systems...CCTV ...Networking ...Smart home technologies... Control every part of your home with your phone ..lights ..cameras..thermostats ...or speak to your home.. We are dealers for :: Ring Samsung Nest Lutron Kasa Sonos LG Marantz Demon Logitec...Read more about Budget Theater 4u
Porch Pro Headshot McKanas Electric
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
(1)
Services all residential, commercial, and industrial needs
Services all residential, commercial, and industrial needs
Porch Pro Headshot JON D FORDE ELECTRICIAN
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
PLUGS SWITCHES OUTLETS FUSE PANELS CIRCUIT BREAKERS LIGHTING LIGHT FIXTURES SMOKE DETECTORS METERS / METER BOXES APPLIANCE CORDS ETC......
PLUGS SWITCHES OUTLETS FUSE PANELS CIRCUIT BREAKERS LIGHTING LIGHT FIXTURES SMOKE DETECTORS METERS / METER BOXES APPLIANCE CORDS ETC......
Porch Pro Headshot M N Electric
Electricians
Serves Gloucester, Massachusetts
Founded in 1996 and based in Marshfield, M N Electric is a remodeling specialist and offers exterior remodeling, wine cellar design, and countertop installation.
Founded in 1996 and based in Marshfield, M N Electric is a remodeling specialist and offers exterior remodeling, wine cellar design, and countertop installation.

Latest projects near Gloucester

Recent projects booked on Porch
Gloucester 01930
Electrical
Start Date
Within a month
Project type
Replacement or upgrade
What to install
Something else
Project description
electric heater
Rockport 01966
Thermostat Replacement and Repair
Comments from Customer
60 year old thermostat for oil furnace needs to be replaces