Top 10 Plumbers in Dorneyville, PA

Porch Pro Headshot Schuler Service,  Inc.
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
(1,719)
Since 1923, Schuler Service, Inc. has been serving Allentown, Bethlehem, Easton PA and its surrounding areas in all its plumbing and remodeling needs. If you need of a well trained plumber or need help remodeling your kitchen or bathroom, then Schuler Service, Inc. with it's 100 years of service and...Read more about Schuler Service, Inc.
Since 1923, Schuler Service, Inc. has been serving Allentown, Bethlehem, Easton PA and its surrounding areas in all its plumbing and remodeling needs. If you need of a well trained plumber or need help remodeling your kitchen or bathroom, then Schuler Service, Inc. with it's 100 years of service and...Read more about Schuler Service, Inc.
Porch Pro Headshot curtis total service
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
(994)
We are a family owned and operated contractor. what sets us apart is our diversity. We are Master Plumbers, Master Electricians, Licensed HVAC Technicians, and have Carpenters with 35+ years working in the Lehigh Valley and surrounding areas. People tell us they like our communication skills, we ar...Read more about curtis total service
We are a family owned and operated contractor. what sets us apart is our diversity. We are Master Plumbers, Master Electricians, Licensed HVAC Technicians, and have Carpenters with 35+ years working in the Lehigh Valley and surrounding areas. People tell us they like our communication skills, we ar...Read more about curtis total service
Porch Pro Headshot Edwin Stipe, Inc.
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
(489)
For over 120 years Edwin Stipe, Inc. has been recognized as a plumbing, heating and cooling company with the highest reputation for integrity and quality service in Easton and surrounding Lehigh Valley PA ( including Bethlehem and Nazareth ) as well as Warren County NJ ( including Stewartsville and ...Read more about Edwin Stipe, Inc.
For over 120 years Edwin Stipe, Inc. has been recognized as a plumbing, heating and cooling company with the highest reputation for integrity and quality service in Easton and surrounding Lehigh Valley PA ( including Bethlehem and Nazareth ) as well as Warren County NJ ( including Stewartsville and ...Read more about Edwin Stipe, Inc.
Porch Pro Headshot R.F. Ohl
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
(379)
R.F. Ohl has been a family-owned and operated business since 1984. Brenda's family, sons Steve and Brad, daughter-in-law Kim and grandson Ivan, and Nathan work with her. The business has grown from fuel oil and kerosene delivery to include an air conditioning and heat pump service and installation d...Read more about R.F. Ohl
R.F. Ohl has been a family-owned and operated business since 1984. Brenda's family, sons Steve and Brad, daughter-in-law Kim and grandson Ivan, and Nathan work with her. The business has grown from fuel oil and kerosene delivery to include an air conditioning and heat pump service and installation d...Read more about R.F. Ohl
Porch Pro Headshot Tim Beil Plumbing
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
(103)
If you have any plumbing problems at all, turn to the trained and trusted technicians at Tim Beil Plumbing. Since 1967, they have provided high-quality plumbing services in Lehigh County and the surrounding areas. As a result, all their plumbers have a comprehensive understanding of plumbing, includ...Read more about Tim Beil Plumbing
If you have any plumbing problems at all, turn to the trained and trusted technicians at Tim Beil Plumbing. Since 1967, they have provided high-quality plumbing services in Lehigh County and the surrounding areas. As a result, all their plumbers have a comprehensive understanding of plumbing, includ...Read more about Tim Beil Plumbing
Porch Pro Headshot M. Resnick Plumbing LLC
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
(13)
"I was called within four hours of posting my job by a knowledgeable office staff. Michelle answered my questions and I scheduled a service call. Mr. Resnick came promptly as scheduled and completed the small plumbing task. I was pleased with the service and will definitely use this business for any...Read more about M. Resnick Plumbing LLC
"I was called within four hours of posting my job by a knowledgeable office staff. Michelle answered my questions and I scheduled a service call. Mr. Resnick came promptly as scheduled and completed the small plumbing task. I was pleased with the service and will definitely use this business for any...Read more about M. Resnick Plumbing LLC
Porch Pro Headshot Bizzy B Handyman & Painting Services
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
(13)
Why call multiple contracting company's when you only need one. Call Bizzy B Handyman & Painting Services Today. Quality service you can trust. Bizzybhandyman.com Our number one goal is to provide you with the dependable, quality service that you expect and deserve. With over 20 years of experi...Read more about Bizzy B Handyman & Painting Services
Why call multiple contracting company's when you only need one. Call Bizzy B Handyman & Painting Services Today. Quality service you can trust. Bizzybhandyman.com Our number one goal is to provide you with the dependable, quality service that you expect and deserve. With over 20 years of experi...Read more about Bizzy B Handyman & Painting Services
Porch Pro Headshot McClays' Plumbing LLC
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
(14)
"I have reviewed Luke and Adam on another site a year ago and we have utilized their services over 6 years after previous bad experience with plumbers. I cannot think of enough good things to say about them because we have an old home they have come to our rescue several times. Always come quickly, ...Read more about McClays' Plumbing LLC
"I have reviewed Luke and Adam on another site a year ago and we have utilized their services over 6 years after previous bad experience with plumbers. I cannot think of enough good things to say about them because we have an old home they have come to our rescue several times. Always come quickly, ...Read more about McClays' Plumbing LLC
Porch Pro Headshot Moyer Total Indoor Comfort
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
(57)
Moyer Total Indoor Comfort offers all of the plumbing and HVAC services that you need in Berks County. Whether you need a job performed in your home or in a commercial space, the team of NATE certified professionals is always available. The local family business has been passed down generation after...Read more about Moyer Total Indoor Comfort
Moyer Total Indoor Comfort offers all of the plumbing and HVAC services that you need in Berks County. Whether you need a job performed in your home or in a commercial space, the team of NATE certified professionals is always available. The local family business has been passed down generation after...Read more about Moyer Total Indoor Comfort
Porch Pro Headshot Solutions 1st Home Services
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
Solutions 1st Home Services is steadily developing into one of the Philadelphia regions premiere licensed residential contractors. With over a decade of experience in the industry, we ensure that every job is done right, within budget, and on time. We utilize the same degree of personal care and con...Read more about Solutions 1st Home Services
Solutions 1st Home Services is steadily developing into one of the Philadelphia regions premiere licensed residential contractors. With over a decade of experience in the industry, we ensure that every job is done right, within budget, and on time. We utilize the same degree of personal care and con...Read more about Solutions 1st Home Services

Frequently asked questions about plumbers

Plumbing is a skilled trade that deals with installing or repairing systems and components that move liquids throughout a home or place of business.

Depending on the job, plumbers typically install, repair, or maintain various pipes and fittings, drainage systems, and fixtures. They work closely with general contractors, electricians, and other construction professionals during new home construction or home renovations. Plumbers must be able to follow building plans and blueprints, and they must be able to diagnose and fix a wide range of plumbing issues and emergencies. They also perform routine inspections of plumbing and drainage systems. Plumbing contractors also prepare bids and provide customer cost estimates while keeping an accurate record of the work performed and the materials used.

There may be several reasons that you need to contact a local plumber, including:

  • The installation of new faucets, showers, tubs, and toilets
  • Repairing a leaky toilet or leaking/burst pipes
  • Replacing cracked or clogged sewage pipes
  • Water heater repair or replacement
  • Upgrading old or existing plumbing pipes throughout the home
  • Installing appliances that use water like dishwashers and washing machines
  • Fixing faulty garbage disposals
  • Unclogging sinks or drains
  • Helping to assess and repair gas leaks

When looking for local plumbers, it’s always best to ask for an estimate from at least three companies. This will give you a better idea of how much you can expect to pay for the job. You can also ask friends and family members for referrals or go online to read customer reviews. If you’re dealing with an emergency, make sure that the plumbers near you offer these services and can assist you after hours.

There are several ways you can find a reliable, high-quality local plumber. Use Porch.com to find handyman services for over 1,100 different types of home projects, including plumbing. We’ll connect you with independent pros that can help you with any job, large or small.Here are some tips to help you find a reliable local plumber in your area:

Always read reviews of several plumbers before you make a decision. Most customers will happily post a review of their experience online, whether it’s positive or negative. Reading reviews is a great way to get a clear picture of the skills and abilities of plumbing contractors, their customer service, and how well the service matches the price.

Make sure that you get a clear, written estimate of the work before you hire a plumber. The estimate should include both material and labor costs. Remember that an estimate is just that – an estimated cost, and your total cost could be higher or lower depending on the outcome.

Ensure that your plumber is fully licensed for the job. Most states have specific licensing requirements for plumbers, so check to ensure that the plumber near you has a state-issued license and is current and up to date. Professional plumbers must typically also have between one to three years of experience as journeyman plumbers.

There are several red flags when searching for plumbers near you. Always avoid unlicensed and uninsured plumbing contractors. Plumbers who show up without tools or don’t have the right tools for the job is another red flag. If a plumber provides you with a quick estimate over the phone without physically looking at the issue, you may want to reconsider.

Most plumbers charge an hourly rate that ranges from as little as $45 to as much as $150 per hour or more. However, some plumbing companies may charge a flat rate depending on the job. If you pay a flat rate, you’ll have a better chance at negotiating the price than you will if you pay by labor hour. The average plumbing job costs between $125 to $450, including labor and materials. Many plumbing contractors have a minimum service fee of $50 to $200, regardless of what needs to be done. If you’re dealing with an emergency and need a plumber, prepare to pay two to three times more for jobs performed after hours, on weekends, or holidays. On average, most emergency plumbing rates are $125 to $170 per hour.

Of course, several factors may determine how much a plumber costs. Your area and the current demand for qualified, skilled plumbers are one factor. The cost of materials also plays a big role since certain items like copper piping or specialized components tend to cost more than standard parts. Simple repairs or minor jobs like cleaning a drain or unclogging a sink can cost $75 to $250. More complex jobs like fixing a sump pump or replacing pipes cost more, typically between $500 and $800.

To determine the price of a plumber, remember to:

  • Get your bid in writing, so you have an estimated cost on paper.
  • Find out how long the project will take to better understand the total hours required.
  • Ask how many people are needed for the job since it could affect your total cost.
  • Determine whether or not special parts or materials are needed since this may also make your final cost higher.

Maintaining your water heater is important to avoid costly repairs and damage to your home later. Leaking water heaters can wreak havoc on the structure of your home and make a massive mess. Overall, most tank-style electric water heaters should last between 8 to 12 years. Gas water heaters tend to have a shorter lifespan that is closer to 6 and 8 years. Tankless water heaters are a popular choice for many homeowners since there’s no additional holding tank to contend with. If you have a tankless water heater, these units typically last between 20 and 25 years, making them a wise long-term investment.

Whichever type of water heater you have, proper maintenance is important to extend its lifespan and keep your water running at a prime temperature. For gas and electric tank-style water heaters, make sure that you flush the tank regularly. This will prevent sediment buildup from forming inside the tank, which is a common cause of water heater issues. While you could flush the tank yourself, it’s best to look for a professional local plumber who can do the job and ensure it’s done right. You should also maintain the pump attached to your water heater and look for signs of distress, including loud noises, failure to heat water, or signs of rust in the water or on and around the pump and tank. Rust is a common sign that your water heater needs professional attention. It usually indicates a faulty or broken part and water leaking from around the unit or the pipes attached to it. Check the heater inlet valve frequently to ensure it’s not showing any signs of rust or corrosion. In most cases, serious rust or corrosion near the pressure release valve or other major parts signifies that your water heater may need to be replaced.

The cost of a new water heater varies depending on the type, the size (capacity), and the brand. Most electric tank-style water heaters cost the least (around $100-$200 less than gas), while tankless water heaters are usually the most expensive. Keep in mind that while a tankless water heater costs more upfront, it uses less water, so you’ll save money on water usage and your total energy usage in the long run.

You’ll need to determine which size tank you need for your new water heater if you choose a gas or electric tank-style model. A home with one to two people generally requires a 20-to-30-gallon tank. Households with three to four people should choose a tank that can hold between 30 to 50 gallons, and homes with five people or more will need a tank with a minimum of 50 gallons. Tankless water heaters measure water by flow ratings of between 2 and 6 gallons per minute, or GPM. Tankless water heaters with higher flow rates of 4-6 GPM are best for the average-sized household.

The average cost of a new water heater is approximately $1,200, including the new heater and the labor for installation. A gas or electric water heater costs between $650 to $2,100, including all materials and labor. On average, tankless water heaters cost more, with a total price of between $1,000 to $3,500. Tankless water heaters can be powered by electricity or gas, depending on which type of connection you have available.

Most plumbing contractors can install water heaters and charge their hourly rate in addition to the heater and other necessary materials.

Operating costs depend on the style you have. Electric water heaters cost about $36.50 per month, while gas costs less at about $18.70 per month. Tankless water heaters cost between 24-36 percent less to run overall, regardless of whether they’re gas or electric.

If you are not getting any hot water in your house, you may have an issue with the water heater. Always consult a local plumber if you’re concerned about your water heater, if it’s leaking, or if you notice any signs of rust or corrosion. There are several reasons your water heater might not produce hot water. Here are some common issues that homeowners may face:

If there is a gas leak in your home, your gas water heater may not work. Make sure you turn off all the gas shutoff valves immediately if you suspect you have a gas leak, then contact your local gas company for help.

Look for leaks if you have a gas or electric-powered water heater. Any signs of water leakage indicate that there’s a serious problem. Look for a plumbing contractor as soon as you see a leak so they can troubleshoot the issue and make any necessary repairs or replacements as required.

Sometimes, you may not have hot water in your home if the pilot light goes out on your gas water heater. Check to confirm that the pilot light is on; if not, light it and confirm that you’re getting hot water.

A loose connection or an issue with the wiring may cause a malfunctioning electric water heater, so check that all wiring is securely attached and that there is power going to the unit. Contact an electrician if the issue is too complex or unsafe for you to solve on your own.

A malfunctioning thermostat can affect tankless, electric, and gas water heaters. Confirm that the thermostat is in good working order to ensure that it’s not causing the lack of hot water in your home.

Mineral and sediment buildup can cause your tankless water heater to malfunction, especially if you have hard water or well water. Make sure you regularly change the filter to your tankless water heater to prevent buildup.

Recent reviews for Dorneyville Plumbers

62045

What can you say about a company you contact 4 times and doesn't have the courtesy to get back to you. I would say not very trustworthy.

- Scott Ryan
86319

I had R.F. Ohl install a Mitsubishi ductless heating and air conditioning system in my home last year. They did a great job. The installation process took less than 1 day, the technicians were very clean, friendly and knowledgeable. And, the price was exa...

- Brett Lewis
147201

Very Professional! Hired Terrence to do some drywall repairs on my ceiling from a leak. They did a wonderful job repairing the damage. Very reliable and I’d recommend Bizzy b to family and friends.

- Teresa Hovey
216413

1 Replied same day we contacted. 2 Scheduled to do repair asap. 3 Arrived at jobsite on time 4 Completed original job and also repaired a problem we weren't aware of . . . . 5 Final cost stayed within budget estimate 6 Final product looks great,...

- Bob Schaffer
257196

stole money left us in shambles reported to elderly abuse dept

- Trisha Romann
269100

this buisiness is a sham scam run by mike and diane they will be caught and have to pay back every one big brothers watching

- Trisha Romann
32403

I have come across many contractors over the years with problems until I came in contact with skilled builders and couldn't have been more happier with projects in my home including the work of a finished basement, new bathroom, new drain line, and so muc...

- Laurie Klein Cruz
174830

He called 10 minutes after I posted the request and arrived at my home within the hour. He completed the repair and even gave me a military discount on the service call!

- Marianne Mosher
110018

HORRIBLE! Called for an outside emergency plumbing issue. Our guy was unprofessional by arriving 2 hours late and was very rude and rushed. He quoted what he was going to do and said he was going to add a shut off valve and patch up the ceiling. I hate to...

- Trang Tran
89914

Good work reasonable price.

- maryclaire corcoran

Everything You Need to Know About Dorneyville Plumbers

I’m searching for Plumbers servicing my zip code in Dorneyville.

Many plumbers provide service to multiple zip codes in and around Dorneyville. Browse through a sample of the Plumbers in Dorneyville below to find the right professional in your area for your project. Remember to contact each of these professionals individually to ask about their prices, recent successful plumbing services jobs, how they bill, and what licenses or permits they have or will have to get for your job:

  • Northwest Plumbing & Heating:
    • Service Area Zip Code: 19511
  • Plumbing installs @ minor repairs:
    • Service Area Zip Code: 08889
  • plumbing professionals:
    • Service Area Zip Code: 18224

If you weren't able to find the right plumber company that services your Dorneyville zip code, don't worry. Try contacting the company directly to ask them what surrounding areas they also service near Dorneyville.

I have Plumbing Services work that I need done in Dorneyville. What should my budget be?

Our data on recent plumber projects in Dorneyville shows that larger plumbing services projects in city are often upwards of $129.00. However, this price depends on a number of factors. Cost can increase or decrease based on any/all of the following:

  • Location: plumbers travel time may factor into the budget.
  • Cost of materials. This is an important factor of your plumbing services project budget. You can purchase materials yourself, but remember that your plumber professional maybe be able to leverage relationships with other companies to save on material costs.
  • Company ratings: Highly-rated plumbers tend to be more expensive. Decide what balance between ratings and cost is right for you.

As always, every project is different and you should contact multiple plumbers throughout Dorneyville to ensure your project is done right.

How do I know I am getting a fair price for Plumbing Services work in Dorneyville?

Every Plumbing Services job has different requirements. Remember that the price will differ depending on the scope of your project. However, that doesn't mean you have to go in blind. Check out our tips for getting a fair price for Dorneyville work from Plumbersbelow:

  • Talk to a few different Plumbers and ask for quotes to compare. We have around 100 professionals and companies in Dorneyville for you to compare.
  • Before contacting a company, check out the ratings and reviews from previous customers to learn what others have paid, how long the Plumbers took on the job, and how satisfied they were.
  • read about what others paid for their Plumber services in Dorneyville. For example, hiring in Dorneyville costs $129.00 to $129.00, which is

All Plumbers in Dorneyville, PA

Porch Pro Headshot Resolve Trenchless Solutions
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
(19)
One Call Resolves It All! You spend a lot of time on your yard, why dig it up? Resolve can replace faulty water and sewer pipe lines without destroying your landscaping. Services: Trenchless Drain Service, Trenchless Sewer Service, High Pressure Water Jetting, Drain & Sewer Line Flushing, Drain & ...Read more about Resolve Trenchless Solutions
One Call Resolves It All! You spend a lot of time on your yard, why dig it up? Resolve can replace faulty water and sewer pipe lines without destroying your landscaping. Services: Trenchless Drain Service, Trenchless Sewer Service, High Pressure Water Jetting, Drain & Sewer Line Flushing, Drain & ...Read more about Resolve Trenchless Solutions
Porch Pro Headshot Breon's Plumbing Heating and Cooling
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
We have over 20 years of experience in the Plumbing and HVAC field.
We have over 20 years of experience in the Plumbing and HVAC field.
Porch Pro Headshot APEX HOME PRO
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
(25)
Porch Pro Headshot All Valley Rooter & Plumbing
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
At All Valley Rooter we aim to make an unforeseen or unfortunate issue be as painless as possible. On the other hand we also try to make make an upgrade or update easy and manageable.
At All Valley Rooter we aim to make an unforeseen or unfortunate issue be as painless as possible. On the other hand we also try to make make an upgrade or update easy and manageable.
Porch Pro Headshot lehigh valley plumbing
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
(1)
TANKLESS WATER HEATER INSTALLS gas lines,fixtures,water line leaks,drain line leaks,water test,water softener installs plus much more monday tru friday 7.30 -4.30 saturday 7.30-11.00
TANKLESS WATER HEATER INSTALLS gas lines,fixtures,water line leaks,drain line leaks,water test,water softener installs plus much more monday tru friday 7.30 -4.30 saturday 7.30-11.00
Porch Pro Headshot Ed Thomashefsky Plumbing & Heating
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
(6)
"Ed and his partner arrived on time and completed the job to our satisfaction within 45 minutes. This meant crawling under our home and checking plumbing and electrical heating tape on pipes under the house. They also replaced a wax seal under one of the toilets. We were very satisfied with the j...Read more about Ed Thomashefsky Plumbing & Heating
"Ed and his partner arrived on time and completed the job to our satisfaction within 45 minutes. This meant crawling under our home and checking plumbing and electrical heating tape on pipes under the house. They also replaced a wax seal under one of the toilets. We were very satisfied with the j...Read more about Ed Thomashefsky Plumbing & Heating
Porch Pro Headshot Skilled Builders Plus LLC
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
(2)
Skilled Builders Plus is a home improvement contractor that has been providing Philadelphia and the surrounding neighborhoods with plumbing, roofing, electrical and carpentry since the '90s.
Skilled Builders Plus is a home improvement contractor that has been providing Philadelphia and the surrounding neighborhoods with plumbing, roofing, electrical and carpentry since the '90s.
Porch Pro Headshot Joseph Building and remodeling
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
Porch Pro Headshot The Haddongton Group
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
The Haddington Group is a multi division company that specializes but not limited to commercial and residential Construction, Cleaning, landscaping, Property Management and more. We do everything to ensure every customer gets the quality work they deserve.
The Haddington Group is a multi division company that specializes but not limited to commercial and residential Construction, Cleaning, landscaping, Property Management and more. We do everything to ensure every customer gets the quality work they deserve.
Porch Pro Headshot Sump Pump Gurus
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
Sump Pump Gurus provides maintenance, repair, replacement and installation of sump pumps for homeowners in the Lehigh Valley, Bucks and Montgomery Counties Sump Pump Gurus is the leader in basement water prevention. Maintaining your sump pump is the number one method for prevention of mold, mildew ...Read more about Sump Pump Gurus
Sump Pump Gurus provides maintenance, repair, replacement and installation of sump pumps for homeowners in the Lehigh Valley, Bucks and Montgomery Counties Sump Pump Gurus is the leader in basement water prevention. Maintaining your sump pump is the number one method for prevention of mold, mildew ...Read more about Sump Pump Gurus
Porch Pro Headshot MBI Hvac, Inc.
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
Residential Heating and Air Conditioning Sales, Services and Installations. MBI HVAC Services is your provider for all of your residential HVAC needs- heating, cooling and air conditioning services.We provide a full range of services from preventative maintenance to full custom installation. MBI H...Read more about MBI Hvac, Inc.
Residential Heating and Air Conditioning Sales, Services and Installations. MBI HVAC Services is your provider for all of your residential HVAC needs- heating, cooling and air conditioning services.We provide a full range of services from preventative maintenance to full custom installation. MBI H...Read more about MBI Hvac, Inc.
Porch Pro Headshot Ameriserve The Reliable Plumber
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
Plumbing, Heating, Air conditioning and Drain cleaning
Plumbing, Heating, Air conditioning and Drain cleaning
Porch Pro Headshot george connelly
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
plumbing, heating, air conditioning and electrical. small repairs to complete remodeling
plumbing, heating, air conditioning and electrical. small repairs to complete remodeling
Porch Pro Headshot atp plumbing and hvac
Plumbers
Serves Dorneyville, Pennsylvania
(3)

Latest projects near Dorneyville

Recent projects booked on Porch
Allentown 18104
Water Main Installation
Service needed
Water Main Installation
Start Date
I'm flexible
Allentown 18103
Plumbing
Start Date
Within a week
Purpose
Selling or pre-listing
Inspection type
Plumbing
Property type
Single family residence
Property size
2,001-2,500 sq ft
Property age
51+ years
Foundation type
Basement
Relationship to property
Seller
Occupied
No
Utilities turned on
Yes
Specific services
None of the above